Study Guide 2nd Semester 2012
Unit 7 Chapter 10
1. When an area of a chromatid is exchanged with the matching area on a chromatid of its homologous chromosome, _____ occurs.
2. Crossing over results in a _____.
3. A useful device for predicting the possible offspring of crosses between different genotypes
is the _____.
4. Mendel's law of segregation states that during meiosis, the factors that control each trait separate, and only _____ from each pair is/are passed to the offspring.
5. The law of independent assortment states that the inheritance of alleles for one trait
is not affected by the inheritance of alleles for a different trait if the genes for the traits
are on _____.
6. A couple has two children, both of whom are boys. What is the chance that the parents' next child will be a boy?
7. A female guinea pig homozygous dominant for black fur color is mated with a male homozygous for white fur color. In a litter of eight offspring, there would probably be _____.
8. The numbers in Figure 10-1 represent the chromosome number found in each of the dog cells shown. The processes that are occurring at A and B are _____.
Figure 10-1
9. Genes located on homologous chromosomes may have alternate forms that control different forms of a trait. These alternate forms of a gene are called _____.
10. In chickens, rose comb (R) is dominant to single comb (r). A homozygous rose-combed rooster is mated with a single-combed hen. All of the chicks in the F1 generation were kept together as a group for several years. They were allowed to mate only within their own group. What is the expected phenotype of the F2 chicks?
Figure 10-5
11. According to Figure 10-5, the constricted pod shape is _____.
12. What is the genotype of generation F1 in Figure 10-5?
13. What is the phenotype of generation F1 in Figure 10-5?
14. What are the genotypes Figure 10-6?
Figure 10-6
Figure 10-8
15. In Figure 10-8, what gametes will result if there is only a single crossover?
16. Which of the following would be least likely to happen as a result of a mutation in a
person's skin cells?
17. New species can develop over time as a result of environmental pressures and natural selection. In order for this process to occur, there must first be a mutation
a.
18. A random mutation that alters a gene is passed to a newborn. Which of the following will be directly affected as a result of this mutation?
19. Segregation during meiosis contributes to a wide variety of possible offspring from two parents. Another process that contributes to increased variation of offspring is
Unit 8 Chapter 12, 13, and 25
20. The 23rd pair of chromosomes that differ in males and females are called _____.
Figure 12-1 1 2
21. What type of inheritance pattern does the trait represented by the shaded symbols in
Figure 12-1 illustrate?
22. For the trait being followed in the pedigree, individuals II-1 and II-4 in Figure 12-1 can be
classified as
23. When roan cattle are mated, 25% of the offspring are red, 50% are roan, and 25% are white. Upon examination, it can be seen that the coat of a roan cow consists of both red and white hairs. This trait is one controlled by _____.
24. Because the gene for red-green color blindness is located on the X chromosome, it is normally
not possible for a _____.
25. Eye color in humans is the result of _____ inheritance.
26. Two healthy parents produce a child with the genetic disorder of cystic fibrosis, which is the
result of a recessive gene. What would be the best explanation for this inheritance?
27. A man heterozygous for blood type A marries a woman heterozygous for blood type B.
The chance that their first child will have type O blood is _____.
28. Both hemophilia and red-green color blindness are _____.
29. Which genetic disorder is depicted in this karyotype?
30. The embryo layer that forms the skin and nervous tissue is the _____.
31. Which of the following will determine how a cell differentiates?
32. Which of the following is false concerning stem cells (early embryonic cells)?
33. Stem cells show promise for mending damage due to …
34. What could happen if the cells from a blastula (early embryo) were transplanted to the
liver of an adult?
Figure 13-8
35. According to Figure 13-8, which are the parents of the child?
36. Scientists inserted a new gene into a tomato plant that allows the plant to produce a
pest-killing protein. What best describes this new discovery?
37. Bacteria are exposed to harmful radiation in a laboratory study. Genetic mutations of
the bacteria would most likely occur due to the change in the
Unit 9 Chapters 14 & 15
38. Hawaiian honeycreepers are a group of birds with similar body shape and size. However, they vary greatly in color and beak shape. Each species occupies its own niche and is adapted to the foods available in its niche. The evolution of a ___________ to a variety of species is an
example of divergent evolution.
39. Within a decade of the introduction of a new insecticide, nearly all of the descendants of
the target pests were immune to the usual-sized dose. The most likely explanation for this immunity to the insecticide is that _____.
40. Natural processes such as speciation and gradualism provide the genetic basis for _____.
41. Structures that have a similar evolutionary origin and structure but are adapted for different purposes, such as a bat wing and a human arm, are called _____.
42. Natural selection can best be defined as the _____.
43. Increases in the rare alleles in a population, such as those causing six fingers and
toes in human offspring, can be attributed to the affects of…
44. Which combination of characteristics in a population would provide the greatest potential for survival and evolutionary change in the event of a natural catastrophe?
45. The theory of continental drift hypothesizes that Africa and South America slowly drifted apart after once being a single landmass. The monkeys on the two continents, although similar, show numerous genetic differences. Which factor is probably the most important in maintaining these differences?
Figure 15-6
46. Which type of natural selection showed in Figure 15-6 favors average individuals?
47. Chloroplast and mitochondria both contain circular DNA, similar to prokaryotes, and can duplicate themselves in living organisms. This suggests that …
Fig. 1
a. these structures developed from early prokaryotes.
b. these structures developed from non-cellular matter.
c. they developed from early viruses.
d. both B and C are correct.
48. Fish and mammals have developed organs that accomplish the same function. Two of these organs are gills and lungs that function in…
49. Evolutionary relationships are established using many types of evidence. DNA, RNA
and enzymes would be example of _________ evidence.
50. Fossils, homologous structures, and vestigial structures all provide support for the ___ .
51. Scientists have developed a variety of corn that produces Bt endotoxin, a protein
produced by a bacterium that is harmful to insect larva but harmless to humans.
This is an example of…
52. Vertebrates that share similar anatomical structures such as whale flippers and bat wings could also be expected to have…
53. Genetic mutations and nondisjunction occurring during meiosis that are passed on during sexual reproduction can result in individuals that can only reproduce with similar individuals thereby creating a new population. This is an example of genetic variety resulting in…
54. Which statement best summarizes natural selection?
Unit 10 Chapter 17
55. Two different populations of birds are similar but cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring. However, the two populations’ DNA is 98% similar. This information is evidence that the two bird populations …
56. Based on the DNA sequence information in the chart below, which organism is most clearly related to Homo sapiens?
Organism
Partial DNA Sequence
Homo sapiens
AAC GCC TTA TAT GGG ATG CCG CAG GAC
Periplaneta americana
AAG GCG TAT TTA GGG ATG CAC CAC GAG
Felis domesticus
AAC GCC TTA TTA GGG GTG CCG CAG GAT
Pan paniscus
AAC GCC TTA TAT GGG ATG CCG CAG GAC
Mus musculus
AAC GCC TTA TAT GGC ATG CAG CAT GAC
57. Two birds are living in a similar environment and resemble each other. How can it be determined that they are members of the same species?
58. After sequencing several proteins from chimpanzees and orangutans, scientists found that the protein sequences were very similar. Which conclusion is supported by this information about chimpanzees and orangutans?
59. A population of birds had a range of beaks sizes. These birds ate different sizes of seeds. After a prolonged drought, only the larger, tougher seed were available. Only birds with larger beaks could eat these seeds. As a result, the population changed so that there were no longer birds with the smaller beaks. Which of the following best describes what happened to this population?
Unit 11 Chapters 34-39
60. Many human body systems work together to maintain homeostasis.
When homeostasis is lost, ___________.
61. Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between the digestive
and circulatory systems?
62. Which of the following cells has a function most similar to an electrical wire?
63. During exercise, human body temperature increases. How does the human body
react to return its temperature to a normal level?
64. A pet store owner has many aquariums with tropical fish. He knows that fish can
be sensitive to environmental changes. Which environmental condition would
most likely have a negative effect on the homeostasis of the tropical fish?
65. How does the human digestive system help prevent illness that could be caused
by bacteria in food?
66. Which statement best describes what happens when a human hand is quickly
pulled away from a hot stove?
.
67. Which of the following occurs in the large intestines as the work of anaerobic bacteria?
Chapter 11
Unit 6 Chapter 11
68. Which one of the following nucleotide pair bonds would be found in a DNA molecule? (B4.2C)
69. The backbone of a DNA molecule is made of which two components? (B4.2C)
70. Watson and Crick were the first to suggest that DNA is _____. (B4.2C)
71. Which of the following would be least likely to happen as a result of a mutation in a person's skin cells? (B4.2E)
72. The process by which a DNA molecule is copied is called _____. (B4.2g)
73. A DNA nucleotide may be made up of a phosphate group, along with _____. (B4.2C)
74. The biochemical identity of an organism is determined by its ________which is characteristic of each species and sometimes for each individual within that
species. (B4.2B)
75. The chromosome abnormality that occurs when part of one chromosome breaks off and is
added to a different chromosome is _____.
76. Messenger RNA is formed in the process of _____.
77. Phenotypic changes in an organism and in its offspring can be caused by
78. Cell differentiation can be affected by…
79. A silent mutation in the DNA sequence of a gene in an organism…
80. X rays, ultraviolet light, and radioactive substances that can change the chemical nature of
DNA are classified as _____.
Figure 11-1
81. In which part of the cell does this process shown in Figure 11-1 take place?
82. Which of the structures in Figure 11-1 are composed of RNA?
83. Structure III in Figure 11-1 represents a(n) _____.
84. The process illustrated in Figure 11-1 is called _____.
Figure 11-4
85. What type of mutation has occurred in Figure 11-4?
86. What will be the result of the mutation in Figure 11-4?
87. When parts of chromosomes are broken off and lost during mitosis, the result
is a(n) _______.
Using the figure below, label the DNA molecule.
a.
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} 800x600 Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} Study Guide 2nd Semester 2012
Unit 7 Chapter 10
1. When an area of a chromatid is exchanged with the matching area on a chromatid of its homologous chromosome, _____ occurs.
2. Crossing over results in a _____.
3. A useful device for predicting the possible offspring of crosses between different genotypes
is the _____.
4. Mendel's law of segregation states that during meiosis, the factors that control each trait separate, and only _____ from each pair is/are passed to the offspring.
5. The law of independent assortment states that the inheritance of alleles for one trait
is not affected by the inheritance of alleles for a different trait if the genes for the traits
are on _____.
6. A couple has two children, both of whom are boys. What is the chance that the parents' next child will be a boy?
7. A female guinea pig homozygous dominant for black fur color is mated with a male homozygous for white fur color. In a litter of eight offspring, there would probably be _____.
8. The numbers in Figure 10-1 represent the chromosome number found in each of the dog cells shown. The processes that are occurring at A and B are _____.
Figure 10-1
9. Genes located on homologous chromosomes may have alternate forms that control different forms of a trait. These alternate forms of a gene are called _____.
10. In chickens, rose comb (R) is dominant to single comb (r). A homozygous rose-combed rooster is mated with a single-combed hen. All of the chicks in the F1 generation were kept together as a group for several years. They were allowed to mate only within their own group. What is the expected phenotype of the F2 chicks?
Figure 10-5
11. According to Figure 10-5, the constricted pod shape is _____.
12. What is the genotype of generation F1 in Figure 10-5?
13. What is the phenotype of generation F1 in Figure 10-5?
14. What are the genotypes Figure 10-6?
Figure 10-6
Figure 10-8
15. In Figure 10-8, what gametes will result if there is only a single crossover?
16. Which of the following would be least likely to happen as a result of a mutation in a
person's skin cells?
17. New species can develop over time as a result of environmental pressures and natural selection. In order for this process to occur, there must first be a mutation
a.
18. A random mutation that alters a gene is passed to a newborn. Which of the following will be directly affected as a result of this mutation?
19. Segregation during meiosis contributes to a wide variety of possible offspring from two parents. Another process that contributes to increased variation of offspring is
Unit 8 Chapter 12, 13, and 25
20. The 23rd pair of chromosomes that differ in males and females are called _____.
Figure 12-1 1 2
21. What type of inheritance pattern does the trait represented by the shaded symbols in
Figure 12-1 illustrate?
22. For the trait being followed in the pedigree, individuals II-1 and II-4 in Figure 12-1 can be
classified as
23. When roan cattle are mated, 25% of the offspring are red, 50% are roan, and 25% are white. Upon examination, it can be seen that the coat of a roan cow consists of both red and white hairs. This trait is one controlled by _____.
24. Because the gene for red-green color blindness is located on the X chromosome, it is normally
not possible for a _____.
25. Eye color in humans is the result of _____ inheritance.
26. Two healthy parents produce a child with the genetic disorder of cystic fibrosis, which is the
result of a recessive gene. What would be the best explanation for this inheritance?
27. A man heterozygous for blood type A marries a woman heterozygous for blood type B.
The chance that their first child will have type O blood is _____.
28. Both hemophilia and red-green color blindness are _____.
29. Which genetic disorder is depicted in this karyotype?
30. The embryo layer that forms the skin and nervous tissue is the _____.
31. Which of the following will determine how a cell differentiates?
32. Which of the following is false concerning stem cells (early embryonic cells)?
33. Stem cells show promise for mending damage due to …
34. What could happen if the cells from a blastula (early embryo) were transplanted to the
liver of an adult?
Figure 13-8
35. According to Figure 13-8, which are the parents of the child?
36. Scientists inserted a new gene into a tomato plant that allows the plant to produce a
pest-killing protein. What best describes this new discovery?
37. Bacteria are exposed to harmful radiation in a laboratory study. Genetic mutations of
the bacteria would most likely occur due to the change in the
Unit 9 Chapters 14 & 15
38. Hawaiian honeycreepers are a group of birds with similar body shape and size. However, they vary greatly in color and beak shape. Each species occupies its own niche and is adapted to the foods available in its niche. The evolution of a ___________ to a variety of species is an
example of divergent evolution.
39. Within a decade of the introduction of a new insecticide, nearly all of the descendants of
the target pests were immune to the usual-sized dose. The most likely explanation for this immunity to the insecticide is that _____.
40. Natural processes such as speciation and gradualism provide the genetic basis for _____.
41. Structures that have a similar evolutionary origin and structure but are adapted for different purposes, such as a bat wing and a human arm, are called _____.
42. Natural selection can best be defined as the _____.
43. Increases in the rare alleles in a population, such as those causing six fingers and
toes in human offspring, can be attributed to the affects of…
44. Which combination of characteristics in a population would provide the greatest potential for survival and evolutionary change in the event of a natural catastrophe?
45. The theory of continental drift hypothesizes that Africa and South America slowly drifted apart after once being a single landmass. The monkeys on the two continents, although similar, show numerous genetic differences. Which factor is probably the most important in maintaining these differences?
Figure 15-6
46. Which type of natural selection showed in Figure 15-6 favors average individuals?
47. Chloroplast and mitochondria both contain circular DNA, similar to prokaryotes, and can duplicate themselves in living organisms. This suggests that …
Fig. 1
a. these structures developed from early prokaryotes.
b. these structures developed from non-cellular matter.
c. they developed from early viruses.
d. both B and C are correct.
48. Fish and mammals have developed organs that accomplish the same function. Two of these organs are gills and lungs that function in…
49. Evolutionary relationships are established using many types of evidence. DNA, RNA
and enzymes would be example of _________ evidence.
50. Fossils, homologous structures, and vestigial structures all provide support for the ___ .
51. Scientists have developed a variety of corn that produces Bt endotoxin, a protein
produced by a bacterium that is harmful to insect larva but harmless to humans.
This is an example of…
52. Vertebrates that share similar anatomical structures such as whale flippers and bat wings could also be expected to have…
53. Genetic mutations and nondisjunction occurring during meiosis that are passed on during sexual reproduction can result in individuals that can only reproduce with similar individuals thereby creating a new population. This is an example of genetic variety resulting in…
54. Which statement best summarizes natural selection?
Unit 10 Chapter 17
55. Two different populations of birds are similar but cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring. However, the two populations’ DNA is 98% similar. This information is evidence that the two bird populations …
56. Based on the DNA sequence information in the chart below, which organism is most clearly related to Homo sapiens?
Organism
Partial DNA Sequence
Homo sapiens
AAC GCC TTA TAT GGG ATG CCG CAG GAC
Periplaneta americana
AAG GCG TAT TTA GGG ATG CAC CAC GAG
Felis domesticus
AAC GCC TTA TTA GGG GTG CCG CAG GAT
Pan paniscus
AAC GCC TTA TAT GGG ATG CCG CAG GAC
Mus musculus
AAC GCC TTA TAT GGC ATG CAG CAT GAC
57. Two birds are living in a similar environment and resemble each other. How can it be determined that they are members of the same species?
58. After sequencing several proteins from chimpanzees and orangutans, scientists found that the protein sequences were very similar. Which conclusion is supported by this information about chimpanzees and orangutans?
59. A population of birds had a range of beaks sizes. These birds ate different sizes of seeds. After a prolonged drought, only the larger, tougher seed were available. Only birds with larger beaks could eat these seeds. As a result, the population changed so that there were no longer birds with the smaller beaks. Which of the following best describes what happened to this population?
Unit 11 Chapters 34-39
60. Many human body systems work together to maintain homeostasis.
When homeostasis is lost, ___________.
61. Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between the digestive
and circulatory systems?
62. Which of the following cells has a function most similar to an electrical wire?
63. During exercise, human body temperature increases. How does the human body
react to return its temperature to a normal level?
64. A pet store owner has many aquariums with tropical fish. He knows that fish can
be sensitive to environmental changes. Which environmental condition would
most likely have a negative effect on the homeostasis of the tropical fish?
65. How does the human digestive system help prevent illness that could be caused
by bacteria in food?
66. Which statement best describes what happens when a human hand is quickly
pulled away from a hot stove?
.
67. Which of the following occurs in the large intestines as the work of anaerobic bacteria?
Chapter 11
Unit 6 Chapter 11
68. Which one of the following nucleotide pair bonds would be found in a DNA molecule? (B4.2C)
69. The backbone of a DNA molecule is made of which two components? (B4.2C)
70. Watson and Crick were the first to suggest that DNA is _____. (B4.2C)
71. Which of the following would be least likely to happen as a result of a mutation in a person's skin cells? (B4.2E)
72. The process by which a DNA molecule is copied is called _____. (B4.2g)
73. A DNA nucleotide may be made up of a phosphate group, along with _____. (B4.2C)
74. The biochemical identity of an organism is determined by its ________which is characteristic of each species and sometimes for each individual within that
species. (B4.2B)
75. The chromosome abnormality that occurs when part of one chromosome breaks off and is
added to a different chromosome is _____.
76. Messenger RNA is formed in the process of _____.
77. Phenotypic changes in an organism and in its offspring can be caused by
78. Cell differentiation can be affected by…
79. A silent mutation in the DNA sequence of a gene in an organism…
80. X rays, ultraviolet light, and radioactive substances that can change the chemical nature of
DNA are classified as _____.
Figure 11-1
81. In which part of the cell does this process shown in Figure 11-1 take place?
82. Which of the structures in Figure 11-1 are composed of RNA?
83. Structure III in Figure 11-1 represents a(n) _____.
84. The process illustrated in Figure 11-1 is called _____.
Figure 11-4
85. What type of mutation has occurred in Figure 11-4?
86. What will be the result of the mutation in Figure 11-4?
87. When parts of chromosomes are broken off and lost during mitosis, the result
is a(n) _______.
Using the figure below, label the DNA molecule.
a.
_
Unit 7 Chapter 10
1. When an area of a chromatid is exchanged with the matching area on a chromatid of its homologous chromosome, _____ occurs.
2. Crossing over results in a _____.
3. A useful device for predicting the possible offspring of crosses between different genotypes
is the _____.
4. Mendel's law of segregation states that during meiosis, the factors that control each trait separate, and only _____ from each pair is/are passed to the offspring.
5. The law of independent assortment states that the inheritance of alleles for one trait
is not affected by the inheritance of alleles for a different trait if the genes for the traits
are on _____.
6. A couple has two children, both of whom are boys. What is the chance that the parents' next child will be a boy?
7. A female guinea pig homozygous dominant for black fur color is mated with a male homozygous for white fur color. In a litter of eight offspring, there would probably be _____.
8. The numbers in Figure 10-1 represent the chromosome number found in each of the dog cells shown. The processes that are occurring at A and B are _____.
Figure 10-1
9. Genes located on homologous chromosomes may have alternate forms that control different forms of a trait. These alternate forms of a gene are called _____.
10. In chickens, rose comb (R) is dominant to single comb (r). A homozygous rose-combed rooster is mated with a single-combed hen. All of the chicks in the F1 generation were kept together as a group for several years. They were allowed to mate only within their own group. What is the expected phenotype of the F2 chicks?
Figure 10-5
11. According to Figure 10-5, the constricted pod shape is _____.
12. What is the genotype of generation F1 in Figure 10-5?
13. What is the phenotype of generation F1 in Figure 10-5?
14. What are the genotypes Figure 10-6?
Figure 10-6
Figure 10-8
15. In Figure 10-8, what gametes will result if there is only a single crossover?
16. Which of the following would be least likely to happen as a result of a mutation in a
person's skin cells?
17. New species can develop over time as a result of environmental pressures and natural selection. In order for this process to occur, there must first be a mutation
a.
18. A random mutation that alters a gene is passed to a newborn. Which of the following will be directly affected as a result of this mutation?
19. Segregation during meiosis contributes to a wide variety of possible offspring from two parents. Another process that contributes to increased variation of offspring is
Unit 8 Chapter 12, 13, and 25
20. The 23rd pair of chromosomes that differ in males and females are called _____.
Figure 12-1 1 2
21. What type of inheritance pattern does the trait represented by the shaded symbols in
Figure 12-1 illustrate?
22. For the trait being followed in the pedigree, individuals II-1 and II-4 in Figure 12-1 can be
classified as
23. When roan cattle are mated, 25% of the offspring are red, 50% are roan, and 25% are white. Upon examination, it can be seen that the coat of a roan cow consists of both red and white hairs. This trait is one controlled by _____.
24. Because the gene for red-green color blindness is located on the X chromosome, it is normally
not possible for a _____.
25. Eye color in humans is the result of _____ inheritance.
26. Two healthy parents produce a child with the genetic disorder of cystic fibrosis, which is the
result of a recessive gene. What would be the best explanation for this inheritance?
27. A man heterozygous for blood type A marries a woman heterozygous for blood type B.
The chance that their first child will have type O blood is _____.
28. Both hemophilia and red-green color blindness are _____.
29. Which genetic disorder is depicted in this karyotype?
30. The embryo layer that forms the skin and nervous tissue is the _____.
31. Which of the following will determine how a cell differentiates?
32. Which of the following is false concerning stem cells (early embryonic cells)?
33. Stem cells show promise for mending damage due to …
34. What could happen if the cells from a blastula (early embryo) were transplanted to the
liver of an adult?
Figure 13-8
35. According to Figure 13-8, which are the parents of the child?
36. Scientists inserted a new gene into a tomato plant that allows the plant to produce a
pest-killing protein. What best describes this new discovery?
37. Bacteria are exposed to harmful radiation in a laboratory study. Genetic mutations of
the bacteria would most likely occur due to the change in the
Unit 9 Chapters 14 & 15
38. Hawaiian honeycreepers are a group of birds with similar body shape and size. However, they vary greatly in color and beak shape. Each species occupies its own niche and is adapted to the foods available in its niche. The evolution of a ___________ to a variety of species is an
example of divergent evolution.
39. Within a decade of the introduction of a new insecticide, nearly all of the descendants of
the target pests were immune to the usual-sized dose. The most likely explanation for this immunity to the insecticide is that _____.
40. Natural processes such as speciation and gradualism provide the genetic basis for _____.
41. Structures that have a similar evolutionary origin and structure but are adapted for different purposes, such as a bat wing and a human arm, are called _____.
42. Natural selection can best be defined as the _____.
43. Increases in the rare alleles in a population, such as those causing six fingers and
toes in human offspring, can be attributed to the affects of…
44. Which combination of characteristics in a population would provide the greatest potential for survival and evolutionary change in the event of a natural catastrophe?
45. The theory of continental drift hypothesizes that Africa and South America slowly drifted apart after once being a single landmass. The monkeys on the two continents, although similar, show numerous genetic differences. Which factor is probably the most important in maintaining these differences?
Figure 15-6
46. Which type of natural selection showed in Figure 15-6 favors average individuals?
47. Chloroplast and mitochondria both contain circular DNA, similar to prokaryotes, and can duplicate themselves in living organisms. This suggests that …
Fig. 1
a. these structures developed from early prokaryotes.
b. these structures developed from non-cellular matter.
c. they developed from early viruses.
d. both B and C are correct.
48. Fish and mammals have developed organs that accomplish the same function. Two of these organs are gills and lungs that function in…
49. Evolutionary relationships are established using many types of evidence. DNA, RNA
and enzymes would be example of _________ evidence.
50. Fossils, homologous structures, and vestigial structures all provide support for the ___ .
51. Scientists have developed a variety of corn that produces Bt endotoxin, a protein
produced by a bacterium that is harmful to insect larva but harmless to humans.
This is an example of…
52. Vertebrates that share similar anatomical structures such as whale flippers and bat wings could also be expected to have…
53. Genetic mutations and nondisjunction occurring during meiosis that are passed on during sexual reproduction can result in individuals that can only reproduce with similar individuals thereby creating a new population. This is an example of genetic variety resulting in…
54. Which statement best summarizes natural selection?
Unit 10 Chapter 17
55. Two different populations of birds are similar but cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring. However, the two populations’ DNA is 98% similar. This information is evidence that the two bird populations …
56. Based on the DNA sequence information in the chart below, which organism is most clearly related to Homo sapiens?
Organism
Partial DNA Sequence
Homo sapiens
AAC GCC TTA TAT GGG ATG CCG CAG GAC
Periplaneta americana
AAG GCG TAT TTA GGG ATG CAC CAC GAG
Felis domesticus
AAC GCC TTA TTA GGG GTG CCG CAG GAT
Pan paniscus
AAC GCC TTA TAT GGG ATG CCG CAG GAC
Mus musculus
AAC GCC TTA TAT GGC ATG CAG CAT GAC
57. Two birds are living in a similar environment and resemble each other. How can it be determined that they are members of the same species?
58. After sequencing several proteins from chimpanzees and orangutans, scientists found that the protein sequences were very similar. Which conclusion is supported by this information about chimpanzees and orangutans?
59. A population of birds had a range of beaks sizes. These birds ate different sizes of seeds. After a prolonged drought, only the larger, tougher seed were available. Only birds with larger beaks could eat these seeds. As a result, the population changed so that there were no longer birds with the smaller beaks. Which of the following best describes what happened to this population?
Unit 11 Chapters 34-39
60. Many human body systems work together to maintain homeostasis.
When homeostasis is lost, ___________.
61. Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between the digestive
and circulatory systems?
62. Which of the following cells has a function most similar to an electrical wire?
63. During exercise, human body temperature increases. How does the human body
react to return its temperature to a normal level?
64. A pet store owner has many aquariums with tropical fish. He knows that fish can
be sensitive to environmental changes. Which environmental condition would
most likely have a negative effect on the homeostasis of the tropical fish?
65. How does the human digestive system help prevent illness that could be caused
by bacteria in food?
66. Which statement best describes what happens when a human hand is quickly
pulled away from a hot stove?
.
67. Which of the following occurs in the large intestines as the work of anaerobic bacteria?
Chapter 11
Unit 6 Chapter 11
68. Which one of the following nucleotide pair bonds would be found in a DNA molecule? (B4.2C)
69. The backbone of a DNA molecule is made of which two components? (B4.2C)
70. Watson and Crick were the first to suggest that DNA is _____. (B4.2C)
71. Which of the following would be least likely to happen as a result of a mutation in a person's skin cells? (B4.2E)
72. The process by which a DNA molecule is copied is called _____. (B4.2g)
73. A DNA nucleotide may be made up of a phosphate group, along with _____. (B4.2C)
74. The biochemical identity of an organism is determined by its ________which is characteristic of each species and sometimes for each individual within that
species. (B4.2B)
75. The chromosome abnormality that occurs when part of one chromosome breaks off and is
added to a different chromosome is _____.
76. Messenger RNA is formed in the process of _____.
77. Phenotypic changes in an organism and in its offspring can be caused by
78. Cell differentiation can be affected by…
79. A silent mutation in the DNA sequence of a gene in an organism…
80. X rays, ultraviolet light, and radioactive substances that can change the chemical nature of
DNA are classified as _____.
Figure 11-1
81. In which part of the cell does this process shown in Figure 11-1 take place?
82. Which of the structures in Figure 11-1 are composed of RNA?
83. Structure III in Figure 11-1 represents a(n) _____.
84. The process illustrated in Figure 11-1 is called _____.
Figure 11-4
85. What type of mutation has occurred in Figure 11-4?
86. What will be the result of the mutation in Figure 11-4?
87. When parts of chromosomes are broken off and lost during mitosis, the result
is a(n) _______.
Using the figure below, label the DNA molecule.
a.
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} 800x600 Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} Study Guide 2nd Semester 2012
Unit 7 Chapter 10
1. When an area of a chromatid is exchanged with the matching area on a chromatid of its homologous chromosome, _____ occurs.
2. Crossing over results in a _____.
3. A useful device for predicting the possible offspring of crosses between different genotypes
is the _____.
4. Mendel's law of segregation states that during meiosis, the factors that control each trait separate, and only _____ from each pair is/are passed to the offspring.
5. The law of independent assortment states that the inheritance of alleles for one trait
is not affected by the inheritance of alleles for a different trait if the genes for the traits
are on _____.
6. A couple has two children, both of whom are boys. What is the chance that the parents' next child will be a boy?
7. A female guinea pig homozygous dominant for black fur color is mated with a male homozygous for white fur color. In a litter of eight offspring, there would probably be _____.
8. The numbers in Figure 10-1 represent the chromosome number found in each of the dog cells shown. The processes that are occurring at A and B are _____.
Figure 10-1
9. Genes located on homologous chromosomes may have alternate forms that control different forms of a trait. These alternate forms of a gene are called _____.
10. In chickens, rose comb (R) is dominant to single comb (r). A homozygous rose-combed rooster is mated with a single-combed hen. All of the chicks in the F1 generation were kept together as a group for several years. They were allowed to mate only within their own group. What is the expected phenotype of the F2 chicks?
Figure 10-5
11. According to Figure 10-5, the constricted pod shape is _____.
12. What is the genotype of generation F1 in Figure 10-5?
13. What is the phenotype of generation F1 in Figure 10-5?
14. What are the genotypes Figure 10-6?
Figure 10-6
Figure 10-8
15. In Figure 10-8, what gametes will result if there is only a single crossover?
16. Which of the following would be least likely to happen as a result of a mutation in a
person's skin cells?
17. New species can develop over time as a result of environmental pressures and natural selection. In order for this process to occur, there must first be a mutation
a.
18. A random mutation that alters a gene is passed to a newborn. Which of the following will be directly affected as a result of this mutation?
19. Segregation during meiosis contributes to a wide variety of possible offspring from two parents. Another process that contributes to increased variation of offspring is
Unit 8 Chapter 12, 13, and 25
20. The 23rd pair of chromosomes that differ in males and females are called _____.
Figure 12-1 1 2
21. What type of inheritance pattern does the trait represented by the shaded symbols in
Figure 12-1 illustrate?
22. For the trait being followed in the pedigree, individuals II-1 and II-4 in Figure 12-1 can be
classified as
23. When roan cattle are mated, 25% of the offspring are red, 50% are roan, and 25% are white. Upon examination, it can be seen that the coat of a roan cow consists of both red and white hairs. This trait is one controlled by _____.
24. Because the gene for red-green color blindness is located on the X chromosome, it is normally
not possible for a _____.
25. Eye color in humans is the result of _____ inheritance.
26. Two healthy parents produce a child with the genetic disorder of cystic fibrosis, which is the
result of a recessive gene. What would be the best explanation for this inheritance?
27. A man heterozygous for blood type A marries a woman heterozygous for blood type B.
The chance that their first child will have type O blood is _____.
28. Both hemophilia and red-green color blindness are _____.
29. Which genetic disorder is depicted in this karyotype?
30. The embryo layer that forms the skin and nervous tissue is the _____.
31. Which of the following will determine how a cell differentiates?
32. Which of the following is false concerning stem cells (early embryonic cells)?
33. Stem cells show promise for mending damage due to …
34. What could happen if the cells from a blastula (early embryo) were transplanted to the
liver of an adult?
Figure 13-8
35. According to Figure 13-8, which are the parents of the child?
36. Scientists inserted a new gene into a tomato plant that allows the plant to produce a
pest-killing protein. What best describes this new discovery?
37. Bacteria are exposed to harmful radiation in a laboratory study. Genetic mutations of
the bacteria would most likely occur due to the change in the
Unit 9 Chapters 14 & 15
38. Hawaiian honeycreepers are a group of birds with similar body shape and size. However, they vary greatly in color and beak shape. Each species occupies its own niche and is adapted to the foods available in its niche. The evolution of a ___________ to a variety of species is an
example of divergent evolution.
39. Within a decade of the introduction of a new insecticide, nearly all of the descendants of
the target pests were immune to the usual-sized dose. The most likely explanation for this immunity to the insecticide is that _____.
40. Natural processes such as speciation and gradualism provide the genetic basis for _____.
41. Structures that have a similar evolutionary origin and structure but are adapted for different purposes, such as a bat wing and a human arm, are called _____.
42. Natural selection can best be defined as the _____.
43. Increases in the rare alleles in a population, such as those causing six fingers and
toes in human offspring, can be attributed to the affects of…
44. Which combination of characteristics in a population would provide the greatest potential for survival and evolutionary change in the event of a natural catastrophe?
45. The theory of continental drift hypothesizes that Africa and South America slowly drifted apart after once being a single landmass. The monkeys on the two continents, although similar, show numerous genetic differences. Which factor is probably the most important in maintaining these differences?
Figure 15-6
46. Which type of natural selection showed in Figure 15-6 favors average individuals?
47. Chloroplast and mitochondria both contain circular DNA, similar to prokaryotes, and can duplicate themselves in living organisms. This suggests that …
Fig. 1
a. these structures developed from early prokaryotes.
b. these structures developed from non-cellular matter.
c. they developed from early viruses.
d. both B and C are correct.
48. Fish and mammals have developed organs that accomplish the same function. Two of these organs are gills and lungs that function in…
49. Evolutionary relationships are established using many types of evidence. DNA, RNA
and enzymes would be example of _________ evidence.
50. Fossils, homologous structures, and vestigial structures all provide support for the ___ .
51. Scientists have developed a variety of corn that produces Bt endotoxin, a protein
produced by a bacterium that is harmful to insect larva but harmless to humans.
This is an example of…
52. Vertebrates that share similar anatomical structures such as whale flippers and bat wings could also be expected to have…
53. Genetic mutations and nondisjunction occurring during meiosis that are passed on during sexual reproduction can result in individuals that can only reproduce with similar individuals thereby creating a new population. This is an example of genetic variety resulting in…
54. Which statement best summarizes natural selection?
Unit 10 Chapter 17
55. Two different populations of birds are similar but cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring. However, the two populations’ DNA is 98% similar. This information is evidence that the two bird populations …
56. Based on the DNA sequence information in the chart below, which organism is most clearly related to Homo sapiens?
Organism
Partial DNA Sequence
Homo sapiens
AAC GCC TTA TAT GGG ATG CCG CAG GAC
Periplaneta americana
AAG GCG TAT TTA GGG ATG CAC CAC GAG
Felis domesticus
AAC GCC TTA TTA GGG GTG CCG CAG GAT
Pan paniscus
AAC GCC TTA TAT GGG ATG CCG CAG GAC
Mus musculus
AAC GCC TTA TAT GGC ATG CAG CAT GAC
57. Two birds are living in a similar environment and resemble each other. How can it be determined that they are members of the same species?
58. After sequencing several proteins from chimpanzees and orangutans, scientists found that the protein sequences were very similar. Which conclusion is supported by this information about chimpanzees and orangutans?
59. A population of birds had a range of beaks sizes. These birds ate different sizes of seeds. After a prolonged drought, only the larger, tougher seed were available. Only birds with larger beaks could eat these seeds. As a result, the population changed so that there were no longer birds with the smaller beaks. Which of the following best describes what happened to this population?
Unit 11 Chapters 34-39
60. Many human body systems work together to maintain homeostasis.
When homeostasis is lost, ___________.
61. Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between the digestive
and circulatory systems?
62. Which of the following cells has a function most similar to an electrical wire?
63. During exercise, human body temperature increases. How does the human body
react to return its temperature to a normal level?
64. A pet store owner has many aquariums with tropical fish. He knows that fish can
be sensitive to environmental changes. Which environmental condition would
most likely have a negative effect on the homeostasis of the tropical fish?
65. How does the human digestive system help prevent illness that could be caused
by bacteria in food?
66. Which statement best describes what happens when a human hand is quickly
pulled away from a hot stove?
.
67. Which of the following occurs in the large intestines as the work of anaerobic bacteria?
Chapter 11
Unit 6 Chapter 11
68. Which one of the following nucleotide pair bonds would be found in a DNA molecule? (B4.2C)
69. The backbone of a DNA molecule is made of which two components? (B4.2C)
70. Watson and Crick were the first to suggest that DNA is _____. (B4.2C)
71. Which of the following would be least likely to happen as a result of a mutation in a person's skin cells? (B4.2E)
72. The process by which a DNA molecule is copied is called _____. (B4.2g)
73. A DNA nucleotide may be made up of a phosphate group, along with _____. (B4.2C)
74. The biochemical identity of an organism is determined by its ________which is characteristic of each species and sometimes for each individual within that
species. (B4.2B)
75. The chromosome abnormality that occurs when part of one chromosome breaks off and is
added to a different chromosome is _____.
76. Messenger RNA is formed in the process of _____.
77. Phenotypic changes in an organism and in its offspring can be caused by
78. Cell differentiation can be affected by…
79. A silent mutation in the DNA sequence of a gene in an organism…
80. X rays, ultraviolet light, and radioactive substances that can change the chemical nature of
DNA are classified as _____.
Figure 11-1
81. In which part of the cell does this process shown in Figure 11-1 take place?
82. Which of the structures in Figure 11-1 are composed of RNA?
83. Structure III in Figure 11-1 represents a(n) _____.
84. The process illustrated in Figure 11-1 is called _____.
Figure 11-4
85. What type of mutation has occurred in Figure 11-4?
86. What will be the result of the mutation in Figure 11-4?
87. When parts of chromosomes are broken off and lost during mitosis, the result
is a(n) _______.
Using the figure below, label the DNA molecule.
a.
_